Diagnosis and management of leptomeningeal disease.

The “Rare” or “Non-LCH” Histiocytic Disorders in Childhood: A Brief Overview

Diseases of the monocyte, macrophage and dendritic cell system are referred to as histiocytoses. Based on improved understanding of their pathobiology and molecular background histiocytoses have been recently re-classified into five groups. Nevertheless, for practical reasons the histiocytoses are grouped into: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (the most common entity), hemophagocytic lymphohistioc...

Management of Leptomeningeal Disease From Solid Tumors.

Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, known by a variety of names, including leptomeningeal metastases and neoplastic meningitis, indicates spread of tumor to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and invasion of the subarachnoid space. The term leptomeningeal (from the Greek lepto, meaning “fine” or “slight”) describes the thin meninges, the arachnoid and the pia mater, between which the CSF is located. Alth...

Carcinomatous Meningitis: it does not have to be a death sentence.

Carcinomatous meningitis, specifically leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumors, has a dismal prognosis, with an overall median survival of 2 to 4 months. Lymphomatous meningitis has a better outlook, with a median survival of more than 6 months, but diagnosis may be delayed and treatment is not curative. Despite these poor statistics, there are subsets of patients who do relatively well. Mo...

ChapterIV Usefulness of contrast-enhanced 3D FLAIR for the diagnosis of Leptomeningeal Disease: Comparison of the Added Value of Contrast-Enhanced 3D FLAIR and MPRAGE Sequences in Relation to Conventional Postcontrast T1-weighted Images for the Evaluation of Leptomeningeal Diseases at 3T

P 153: Neuroinflammation in Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease which is correlated with increasing inflammatory factors, demyelination and axonal loss. In this auto-immune disease, Neuroinflammation is mediated by different types of T cells with macrophage/microglial activation and B cells involvement that interact in a collaborative manner. Focal inflammation is the main cause for the onset of relapses and coul...